Latent Threats: When training bites back. This blog is about Latent Threats. Threats that lurk undetected in training systems, procedures and practice. In a previous blog post, Threat Managers: Rethinking Risk, we described the approach of Threat and Error Management. Specifically we described threats as being inherent in mountaineering, the need to manage them, and…
Threat Managers: Rethinking risk. This blog is about the management of risk in the outdoor sector, the challenges with risk and a way forward. Here I argue that we need to rethink our notions of risk, explaining the approach of Threat and Error Management (TEM). Mountain Professionals are well placed to act as “Threat Managers”.…
Exotic behaviour: cultural norms and the wild west. This blog is about exotic behaviour in an archipelago of craggy islands off the west coast of Scotland. Cultural norms and values give us predictability in the outdoor sector. In short, they provide us with expectations, shaping how we think and act as mountain professionals. exotic adjective…
Accident Route Matrix Does the Accident Route Matrix (ARM) have a place in understanding avalanche incidents? In this blog we look at systems based incident analysis. These methods look at all the causal factors in incidents far beyond the “who triggered it” strategy of individual decision making. There are lots of tools for assessing the…
Today marks the tenth anniversary of the loss of Super Puma G-WNSB on the approach to Sumburgh (Shetland) with four fatalities. Although the Mountain Assurance blog is really about the mountains, this tragic incident is important for a couple of reasons. The crew of Rescue Bond One, the industry rescue helicopter based on the Miller…
Alison shouted AVALANCHE, as the wet slide exited the hidden couloir well above us. The volume seemed to build exponentially until the snow hit the frozen lake below. Breaking the ice, the debris started a tidal wave across the lakes surface. Seconds earlier we had faced a “go or no go” decision. We were fully…
With the first snow on the Cairngorms now is a good time to talk about the launch of Mountain CRM. This online course is an introduction to ‘Crew Resource Management’ and ‘Human Factors’ in Avalanche Terrain. You can find this course over on the Mountain Assurance Teachable site at https://mountain-assurance.teachable.com/p/mountain-crm. You will learn how to…
I levelled the wings and pointed the glider back towards the tarmac triangle of the three runways. The uncomfortable truth of my situation was glaring back at me. Attentional narrowing meant there was a good chance I might not make it back to the airfield… The day had started as a normal but mediocre gliding…

Guides, Instructors and leaders operating in the UK in avalanche terrain frequently travel in groups, but yet there remains very little research into the ‘Non Technical Skills’ required to mitigate avalanche terrain. CASM is a proposed Human Factors group tool which is based on Crew Resource Management (CRM) training from the aviation sector, an inevitably…
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